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A dozen years after the first approval of a biotech medicine, the first biotechnology-enhanced crop entered the marketplace. Now, as scientists utilize life science technologies to improve manufacturing processes, chemical synthesis and production, a third wave of biotechnology is blossoming, industrial and environmental biotechnology.
The same genomic and proteomic technologies used to discover new drugs and therapeutics are also changing the way consumer products are being made. These technologies can create new enzyme "biocatalysts," which are used in the production of raw materials, intermediates and consumer products.
Through recombinant DNA technology, scientists can use microorganisms in new and exciting ways to manufacture polymers, vitamins, enzymes, or transportation fuel. By harnessing the natural power of enzymes or whole cell systems, and using sugars as feedstock for product manufacture, industrial biotech companies can work with nature to help us move from a petroleum-based economy to a "bio-based economy."
Industrial biotechnology companies have discovered novel microbes in diverse locations including the deep ocean trenches, the hot springs of Yellowstone Park, and even in Antarctica. By genetically modifying these microbes, companies can use them to create specialized enzymes that are in turn harnessed to make new products and cleaner manufacturing processes.
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